Does God Exist? :: essays research papers

In my life on this planet I deplete come to question many things that many take on as blind faith. We all know that someday we will physically die, Yet, we continuously deny the forces working(a) inside ourselves which want to search out the true outcome of what may or may not come after death. Its far easier for humanity to bury that they will go on to a safe haven and be forgiven for all, rather than to question the founding of a super omnipotent being. Fortunately, there ar some of us who tend to question the whys and hows that come before us. We question the creation of humanity and the religious teachings received from our parents, our church and our society. This paper examines the many sharp arguments for and against the knowence of God. It is based on the views of some of the great philosophers and scientists of our world. I will show that there is no sufficient proof or comprehensive arguments for the existence of God. Some people search for eternal peace through the beliefs in God but this is an impossible belief because of the chances, the plausibility, and because of science. ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENTS God generally refers to 1 supreme, holy, personal being,. The divine unity of ultimate good-ness and of ultimate reality. St. Anselm of Canterbury developed what we have learned to be the ontological argument. He began his argument by saying that thus far a fool can grasp or understand the concept of "a being than of which nothing greater can be conceived." He continues to bow that a fool would say that the concept of this beings existence is only in his mind and in the mind of others but not in reality. However he also admits to the possibility of this being existing in reality. Whatever is understood by the fool is argued that than which nothing is greater can be conceived cannot solely exist in the mind but also in reality, hence, God exists. (Angelfire) This personally sounds like a salespersons pitch to confuse and conquer for a sal e. Gaunilo felt the same. He frequently debated with St. Anselm on behalf of the fool. He stated that it was not possible to visualize the concept of this perfect being because one can only imagine an plan when one has an idea of what that image is suppose to resemble.

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The Beveridge reportFabian Society formed in 1884, lead by the Sidney and Beatrice Webb who had strong views on the moral value of social (or socialist) provision and had thinking based on poor laws and the relief of distress, were the first to produce a report based on Majority and minority of welfare. This report failed as all the members, the right-wing critics of state welfare, could not agree about the fact that the state should be the provider for welfare services.The Beveridge Report is a report that led to the establishment of a welfare system by the state of social security and the National Health Service (NHS) after the obliterate of the war.Sir William Beveridge a highly regarded liberal economist, was the author of the report which was known as Social Insurance and Allied Services, that got published by the coalition government and which was presented to the British parliament on 1st December 1942. It contained a summary of principles that were based on social surveys carried out between wars, that were necessary to banish poverty and emergency from Britain, by aiming to provide a comprehensive system of social insurance from cradle to grave.Now, when the war is abolishing landmarks of every kind, is the opportunity for using experience in a clear field. A revolutionary moment in the worlds history is a time for revolutions, not for patching.It covered topics of poverty, old age, low birth rates, unemployment, handicap and retirement, that were based around Five areas of society also known as the FIVE EVIL GIANTS, that prevented Britain from becoming a modern society after identify war, which wereoWant Poverty or need of financial support & health careNational Insurance and Assistance schemes were needed to ... ...ew towns had to be strengthened ie milton keyneso1949 Access to the countryside ActsOpened up a series of public footpaths, moslty aimed to keep population healthoHousing Acts 1946/1949Although Labours mental synthesis programme compares poorly to previous governments, people are not too critical of them over this considering the level of house destruction during the War on with the lack of building materials, increase in marriage and baby boom after the War.AdvantagesDis-advantagesLocal authorities given financial assistance and access to building materials (which were in low supply at the end of the War) to build 1.25 million new permanent homesDisadvantages No where near enough new homes were built and galore(postnominal) people remained in prefab homes, army barracks and even train carriages by the end of 1951. oNew Towns Act (1946)AdvantagesDis-advantages

As American As Apple Pie? :: Essays Papers

As American As Apple Pie? Every American has comprehend the saying as American as apple pie. But, theres no question about it--apple pie did not originate in the U.S., at all In fact, the apple pie predates our countrys settlement by hundreds of years, (112) writes Lee Edwards Benning in Cooks Tales. When the Pilgrims set to sea they brought with them their homelands recipes. So, we know how the ole apple pie got to America, but why the saying? Where does it come from and what does as American as apple pie mean? From all historical accounts, it seems that fruit pies as we now know them were invented by the Pennsylvania Dutch. Women in the southeastern counties of the state do delicious, nappy pies encasing every fruit in the region. It may be, states Frederick Klees, that during the Revolution men from the other colonies came to know this dish in Pennsylvania and carried this knowledge back home to institute pie as the great American dessert (191). Ad ditionally, this pie gained popularity at the triumphant end of the war and the beginning of our country. The recipe migrated north, farmers wives learned to make this more(prenominal) involved pie, and consumption swelled. Colonists loved pie so much they ate it for every meal, but, notably, not every farmer could afford it. Thus, pies evolved into a symbol of status. Thomas Jefferson made his own recipe, Ben Franklin grew prize apples in his backyard for his pies, and Martha Washington even served this dessert at diplomatic dinners Indeed it is the fruition of this unique, thick, two-crusted apple pie, rather than the thin, one-crust English pie, in which we confide our pride. Ever wonder why July 4th parties are marked by apple pies? Its a carryover from first Independence Day celebrations when the apple pie was at its peak importance to Americans. So, as American as apple pie implies the improvement of what was once British it is the mark of prosperity, fre edom, and status as the apple pie represented to our ancestors. It is not a mistaken saying or an ignorant remark.

The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare :: The Taming of the Shrew Essays

In the late twentieth century, it is not unusual for audience members to come onward from productions of The Taming of the Shrew with the impression that they have just witnessed the story of a dynamic woman turned into a Stepford wife.1 There are also Shakespearean critics who confirm such views. G. I. Duthie, for instance, describes Katherina as a spirited woman who is cowed into abject submission by the violence of an egregious bully (147). John Fletchers 1611 play The Womans Prize, or the unexciting Tamed, in which Petruchios second wife treats him as he had treated Kate,2 suggests that even during Shakespeares lifetime the battle of the sexes within the play had become a battle of the critics distant it.3Shakespearean scholars on the other side argue, as Charles Boyce does, that far from being a tale of domination, the plays main plot concerns the development of character and of love in a particular anatomy of personality (626). Boyce goes on to say that The violence in The Shrew--except for the beatings of servants ... is limited to Katherinas own assaults on Bianca and Petruchio (626). Nor is Boyce alone in his belief that Petruchio is physically kind to Kate as Robert Speaight writes, It is only to others that he is rough (59).Much of the confusion comes from a simultaneous idealization of the twentieth century4 and denigration of the sixteenth, a glorification of the sensibilities of newfangled critics, directors, and audiences coupled with a condemnation of the medieval insensitivity of the playwright. For example, Jonathan Miller, director of the 1980 BBC Shrew, says, Shakespeare is extolling the virtues of the obedient wife ... in accordance with the sixteenth-century belief that for the orderly running of society, some sort of sacrifice of personal freedom is necessary. He defends his position with an attack, arguing that If we wish to make all plays from the past conform to our ideals ... were simply rewriting all plays and bout them into m odern ones, a practice he calls historical suburbanism (140).However, he is himself engaging in a procedure which might be called historical blurring, allowing certain historical trends to obscure individuals and their divergent opinions.5 No period can be correctly characterized as homogeneous, certainly not a time as tendentious as the Renaissance. To maintain that womens rights were not hotly debated by Shakespeare and his contemporaries is ignorance coupled with arrogance, and to fit the creator of Portia, Rosalind, and Viola into the company of male supremacists requires an adept mental contortionist.

paradigm shift in utopian fiction :: essays research papers

Utopian fiction or the imaginary projection of a perfect society in which all consider and want have been removed and conflict is eliminated, has a long history. Sir Thomas mores Utopia is a focal point in the tradition of the genre, and Mores contemplation of a society removed from daily struggle to a place of ease, has had a powerful and lasting effect on accompanying visions of the future.Dystopian fiction is the natural correlative of this literary mode and presents visions of imaginary worlds in which the worst of all possible social conditions pertains and where all ethical, aesthetic and metaphysical judgments are consequently problematised.A strict definition of utopia would serve no useful purpose as Nietzsche says, only that which has no history can be defined.A utopia always maintains a close and specific relationship with the sociopolitical environment from which it stems. Utopia is thus a game played between the two poles of reality and fiction.( George Orwell, A rea ders guide to essential criticism, edited by Daniel Lea,2001)The term utopia first appeared in the 1516 work Utopia by Sir Thomas More , literally marrow nowhere, it represents the perfect society. Thus, the idea is inherently ironic in that can never be achieved.Utopian Literature of the twentieth century stands out / tag out through the relinquishment of the perspective which governed the utopia of past centuries a positive utopia, confident in institutions and progress- an internal law of utopian genre. In the first old age of the 20th century, utopia ceases describing the advantages of progress in the service of community, eliminating individual.In the first half of the 20th century, utopian history is dominated by H.G.Wells s work.. His creation attach the transition from one period to another. Social and political themes are still present ,but this time are accompanied by scientific speculation.Characteristic to the 20th century is the next mutation or shifting political and social regimes are no longer a concern or an interest, but sort of the human nature, altered gradually, eugeny or controlled evolution utopia abolishes history and past, in general, being placed in a parallel present, but in the 20th century, it is be after in the future.Anti-utopia or dystopia continues the tradition of utopia from the point of view of invention and of technique, but it differs regarding intention. Instead of welfare and prosperity, we have despair and misery instead of flourishing, the end of humanity.

paradigm shift in utopian fiction :: essays research papers

Utopian manufacturing or the imaginary projection of a gross(a) society in which all need and want stomach been removed and conflict is eliminated, has a long history. Sir Thomas Mores Utopia is a focal point in the tradition of the genre, and Mores observation of a society removed from daily struggle to a place of ease, has had a powerful and lasting effect on subsequent visions of the future.Dystopian fiction is the natural correlative of this literary mode and presents visions of imaginary worlds in which the worst of all possible social conditions pertains and where all ethical, aesthetic and metaphysical judgments are thence problematised.A strict definition of utopia would serve no useful purpose as Nietzsche says, only that which has no history can be defined.A utopia forever maintains a close and specific relationship with the sociopolitical environment from which it stems. Utopia is thus a game played between the two poles of reality and fiction.( George Orwell, A rea ders guide to essential criticism, edited by Daniel Lea,2001)The term utopia first appeared in the 1516 work Utopia by Sir Thomas More , literally meaning nowhere, it represents the perfect society. Thus, the idea is inherently ironic in that can never be achieved.Utopian Literature of the 20th century stands out / marks out by dint of the relinquishment of the perspective which governed the utopia of past centuries a positive utopia, confident in institutions and pass around- an internal law of utopian genre. In the first years of the 20th century, utopia ceases describing the advantages of progress in the service of community, eliminating individual.In the first half of the 20th century, utopian history is dominated by H.G.Wells s work.. His creation marks the transition from iodin period to another. Social and political themes are still present ,but this time are accompanied by scientific speculation.Characteristic to the 20th century is the beside mutation or shifting poli tical and social regimes are no longer a concern or an interest, but rather the human nature, change gradually, eugeny or controlled evolution utopia abolishes history and past, in general, being placed in a parallel present, but in the 20th century, it is planned in the future.Anti-utopia or dystopia continues the tradition of utopia from the point of view of invention and of technique, but it differs regarding intention. Instead of welfare and prosperity, we have despair and misery instead of flourishing, the end of humanity.

Facebook Essay

Size of this pre posture 336 ? 600 pixels. Other resolution 134 ? 240 pixels. Full resolution ? (434 ? 775 pixels, charge up size 34 KB, MIME type image/jpeg) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. Information from its description rogue at that place is shown below. Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. You stick out help. DescriptionAn probe concerning Humane sympathy in four books (1690) by John Locke (1632-1704) Date2005-12-03 (original upload date) citationOrigin bothy from de. wikipedia description page is/was here.AuthorOriginal uploader was Olaf Simons at de. wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the semi commonplace populace. Other versions editLicensing This image (or other media file) is in the public theatre of operations because its copyright has expired. This applies to Australia, the European Union and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author rundown 70 courses. You must also include a United States pub lic domain tag to indicate why this work is in the public domain in the United States.Note that a few countries have copyright terms bimestrial than 70 years Mexico has 100 years, Colombia has 80 years, and Guatemala and Samoa have 75 years, Russia has 74 years for some authors. This image may not be in the public domain in these countries, which moreover do not implement the regulation of the shorter term. Cote dIvoire has a general copyright term of 99 years and Honduras has 75 years, exactly they do implement the rule of the shorter term.This file has been identified as beingness free of known restrictions under copyright law, including each related and neighboring rights. read history Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment current2232, 1 September 2010434 ? 775 (34 KB)JuTaigher resolution from deDateiLocke hear 1690. jpg uploaded by deuserOlaf Simons at 2005-12-03 232227 local anesthetic time with comment (John Locke, 1632-1704. An Essay concerning Humane Understanding in four books (London Printed for Tho.Basset, a 0855, 15 August 2009396 ? 732 (54 KB)Jack Merridewslight rotation to fix experience fixed a few speckles, too 1533, 25 April 2007396 ? 734 (148 KB)W. C. MinorInformation Description=An Essay concerning Humane Understanding in four books (1690) by John Locke (1632-1704) Source=Originally from http//de. wikipedia. org de. wikipedia descripti File usage The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding EssayFacebook EssayIn 2004 a 20-year-old man named intention Zukerberg shaped a phenomenon that involves over 500 million people in this world. In fact today, there are more people on Facebook, than there were on the planet 200 years ago. Zukerberg created this web situate not knowing that it would become this normal to the world. The concept of Facebook that suss out Zukerberg envisioned is viewed positively and negatively throughout the world. Facebook is always described as a place to make connections. Every person that you accept as a friend faeces see what you are doing on your profile.This is used to make connections with your friends that you may not have realized before. This could include adding your favorite movie all of your friends then know what it is and can agree/disagree with your choice. Facebook is a place that makes it easy and efficient to connect with your friends, whether they live 5 miles or 5 atomic number 6 miles away. Some say you can do this by Instant Messaging, video chatting, e-mailing or writing letters. All of those options are true but what makes Facebook so popular is that you can do all of those things in one place to so many different people at once.For family that you do not see often, you can post pictures to show them what you have been doing. In the same place you can write them a note or video chat with them. The reason Zuckerbergs site became so popular so fast is because people want one place where they have many options of things to do. Another advantage to Facebook is the grouping it creates. You can create or join a group that states a common interest. People go into the group to talk about this interest, per centum ideas, and events about that interest.For example, last year my whole senior class planned a trip together. It would have been impossible to make this happen over texting or the phone so sooner we used Facebook. Everyone could post ideas about what we should do and where we should go in this group. When someone posts everyone else can comment back saying what he or she thinks about that limited post. Some people join Facebook if they are famous or looking to become famous. They can post their latest projects there and all of their fans can comment, like, and share what the artist put up.This allows many different people to see it and show it to their friends so the artist can become more popular, especially if they are new. Mark Zuckerberg is the kid who created an online empire without even trying. In his 2010 interview in The New Yorker, Mark Zuckerberg is portrayed as a person who does not indulge with all of the money he has. It says that on his Facebook page his interests include Minimalism, Revolutions, and Eliminating Desire. He also states in a Facebook status that he does not own a TV. I think this goes to show what kind of person he is.He has had the same girlfriend, now wife, since college and they do not live in an over-luxurious home like most billionaires do. At 12 years old, Zuckerberg created a simple version of what is now Instant Messenger for his fathers dental business and his own home. In his New Yorker interview, the author Jose Antonio Vargas says, In all of our talks, the most animated Zuckerberg ever gotspeaking with a big smile, almost tripping on his words, his eyes alertwas when he described his modern adventures in cod ing. I think this perfectly shows how innocently Zuckerberg views his programming and making websites.He really just enjoys it, not for the money or the fame but for the love of programming. In the world today you can find many critics of Facebook and of Mark Zuckerberg. I do not think people take enough time to look at the positives and the amazing online world that Zuckerberg created. It is interesting to see how many of the haters of Facebook are actually on it. Considering about 1 of every 13 people is on Facebook currently, I would suspect many people who speak negatively couldnt get off of it. Work Cited Vargas, Jose Antonio. The Face of Facebook. The New Yorker, 2010.Facebook EssaySize of this poke 336 ? 600 pixels. Other resolution 134 ? 240 pixels. Full resolution ? (434 ? 775 pixels, file size 34 KB, MIME type image/jpeg) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. Information from its description page there is shown below. Commons is a freely licensed media file reposito ry. You can help. DescriptionAn Essay concerning Humane Understanding in four books (1690) by John Locke (1632-1704) Date2005-12-03 (original upload date) SourceOriginally from de. wikipedia description page is/was here.AuthorOriginal uploader was Olaf Simons at de. wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the public domain. Other versions editLicensing This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired. This applies to Australia, the European Union and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 70 years. You must also include a United States public domain tag to indicate why this work is in the public domain in the United States.Note that a few countries have copyright terms longer than 70 years Mexico has 100 years, Colombia has 80 years, and Guatemala and Samoa have 75 years, Russia has 74 years for some authors. This image may not be in the public domain in these countries, which moreover do not imple ment the rule of the shorter term. Cote dIvoire has a general copyright term of 99 years and Honduras has 75 years, but they do implement the rule of the shorter term.This file has been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. File history Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment current2232, 1 September 2010434 ? 775 (34 KB)JuTaigher resolution from deDateiLocke Essay 1690. jpg uploaded by deuserOlaf Simons at 2005-12-03 232227 local time with comment (John Locke, 1632-1704. An Essay concerning Humane Understanding in four books (London Printed for Tho.Basset, a 0855, 15 August 2009396 ? 732 (54 KB)Jack Merridewslight rotation to fix look fixed a few speckles, too 1533, 25 April 2007396 ? 734 (148 KB)W. C. MinorInformation Description=An Essay concerning Humane Understanding in four books (1690) by John Locke (1632-1704) Source=Originally from h ttp//de. wikipedia. org de. wikipedia descripti File usage The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Essay

Night of the Long Knives

The Night of the Long Knives(The Blood Purge) Hitler had an abundance of power due to the enabling act that was granted to him by President Hindenburg. Even with all his power, Hitler still tangle threatened by the SA leaders. This lead to the Night of the long Knives June 29th, 1934. This purge was only the beginning of his conquest to be the dictatorial power of Germany. What happened on the Night of the Long Knives? And why did Hitler arrange it. What happened during the Night of the Long Knives? This event saw the wiping out of he SA leaders and opposite people that angered Hitler. Hitler baseball clubed his SS troops to arrest the leaders of the SA and political figures. Hitler assembled a fairly large group of SS and regular police, and went to the Hanselbauer Hotel in Bad Wiessee. Ernest Rohm and his followers were staying there. Upon arriving at the hotel, Hitler personally arrested Rohm and high ranking officers of the SA. Hitler then headed back to Munich where he addr essed an assembled crowd of party members and SA members, saying the worst treachery in orbit istory. Hitler told the crowd that undisciplined and disobedient characters and asocial or diseased elements would be annihilated. When he arrived back in Berlin, he radioed to Goring saying the codeword kolibri to let relax the execution squads on more unsuspecting people. Hitler also used this purge to make a move on the conservatives he found unreliable. Himmler, Goring and Hitler himself ordered the SS against old enemies. Kurt von Schliecher George Strasser (angered Hitler by resigning from the party) and Gustav Ritter von Kahr former Bavarian state commissioner who brought down the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923) The reasons why this purge happened was because Hitler feared that someone would try and over check him, Rohm and the SA had the power to do so if they wanted (Rohm was the leader of the SA, the SA had a force of over 3 million men). So Hitler did what he thought needed to happ en. He got rid of the problems and anyone else he thought had the power to overthrow him. The Night of the Long Knives did not just remove those who opposed or threatened Hitlers position.It also got the military to sign an oath that Hitler needed. The phalanx saw the SA as a threat to their authority because the SA outnumbered them, also Rohm spoke about taking over the regular army by including them with the ranks of the SA. This alarmed the army leaders. Hitler then made a pact with the army. If Rohm and the other SA leaders were removed then the army would be in check out of the SA. However for that to occur the army had to sign an oath of loyalty to Hitler. Hitler told the public of this gruesome even on July 13th 1934. Hitler told the Reichstag. in this hour I was trustworthy for the fate of the German people, and I thereby I became the supreme judge of the German people. I gave order to shoot the ringleaders in this treason, and I further gave the order to cauterize down to the raw flesh the ulcers if this poisoning of the wells in our domestic life. Let the nation know that its existence- which depends on its internal order and security- cannot be threatened with impunity by anyone And let it be known for all the time to come that if anyone raises his hand to strike the state, then certain death is his lot Adolf Hitler, July 13th, 1934. he aftermath of the Night of the Long Knives aka The Blood Purge. Hitler got away with his purge because Hitler had the cabinet approve a measure on July 3rd that declared The measures taken on June 30th to July 1st and 2 to suppress treasonous assaults are legal as acts of self-defense by the State. A impertinently law was added which was signed by Hitler, Franz Gurtner, and the Minister of the interior Wilhelm Frick. The new law legalized the murderes committed during the purge under treason. The army applauded the Night of the Long Knives nd President Hidenburg expressed his profoundly felt gratitude and he c ongratulated Hitler. Hitler rewarded Himmler by giving him control of the SS. Himmler would now only answer to Hitler. Also Hitler game himself President as well as Chancellor, a new role called Der Fuehrer. He also made himself head of the armed forces, who swore an oath of loyalty. Adolf Hitler was now in complete control after President Hindenburgs death in August. The Night of the Long Knives occurred on June 29th 1934. Many high ranking officers of he SA were killed, including several of Hitlers partners executed in the purge. After the purge Hitler created another national socialist organization called the Schutzstaffel or also known as the SS. The SS became the most feared arm in Nazi Germany. The Night of the Long Knives was an action to get rid of those disagreeing with Hitler or getting in the way of his rise to power. He was scared that someone would attempt to overthrow him. The result was the rise of an even greater/ stronger paramilitary for the Nazis.

Evaluate and Reflect Upon Practice in Early Years Settings in Supporting Children’s Social Development

This rationale will discuss the issues almost sexual urge and whether or not as pargonnts, t from each oneers or practicians we influence children into their sexual practice identity or whether it is inherent within our genetic makeup. I will be evaluating the complexities of my situation as a practitioner in supporting childrens social development and reflecting upon how I could improve and modify my practice. There are differing views when it comes to defining gender. Some use gender to charge on biological differences such as sex, physical differences or hormones (Guarian 2002 20).Others refer to gender as the social constructions of masculinity and femininity (ATL 2004 9 and Francis et al 2005 73) meat boys and girls behaviours and attitudes, which are not necessarily fixed by their biological make up. There is in that respectfore a need to realise that gender grass be and often is regularly an interchangeable term that can be suited to both of these definitions. Kohlberg (1966) in (Harris and Butterworth 2002) indicates that there are three stages of gender identity extraction around the age of two to three years.The first stage is Gender Identity, where children become aware of sex. A child will say I am a boy for example but not necessarily know what being a boy means. The second stage is Gender Stability which happens around the ages of three and a half(a) to four and a half years old. In this stage children will develop awareness and understanding of the durability of their own gender and of others, this is generally focused on the physical appearance and a child may think that a person who dresses in typically gelid gender clothing has also changed sex (Emmerich et al 1977 in Harris and Butterworth 2002).The third of Kohlbergs stages is Gender Consistency. This usually happens around the age of four and a half and upwards and this is when children begin to realise that regardless of their appearance people remain male or womanish. When l ooking at gender within education, there is a need to consider what effect it has on a childs achievement. The DfES (2007 1) says that there is a gender gap within English, Maths and Science from tail Stage through to Key Stage Three, where girls are outper rolling boys.The attention on gender and childrens achievement has been present both within the media and schools for many years. recently this emphasis has been geared towards the underachievement of boys. Siraj-Blactchford (2001 72) in (Sharp et al 2006) states Recently we have heard a good deal in education debates about (works class) boys underachievement. The results from the school league- tables suggest most boys do underachieve in basic literacy. This is portrayed by the media as failing and suggests that girls are outperforming boys in education.It may not necessarily be that boys have a low achievement rate, rather it could be that they are simply not yet reaching their full potential (Warrington et al 2006 39). I f eel therefore the media has over inflated the idea that boys are underachieving. Instead of focusing on the failure, the emphasis on underachievement here should be looking at which boys (or girls) are not reaching their full potential. From my experience I have chatn that teachers and practitioners also act in ways that maintain and maybe even stretch the gender roles that are taught at home.It seems they often emphasise gender distinction with labelling that promotes gender stereotyping. It seems that boys do get more attention than girls, whether it is good or bad, as teachers generally seem to think that because a girl is quiet they do not need their attention. Francis et al (2005 92) reiterates the idea that boys underachievement is due to feminisation and female teachers yet within my setting there are five male teachers and two male teaching assistants.I feel that this has a good impact on some of the children. In todays society there is not always a mother and father withi n the family environment. There is an increase of fathers being murder within the childs life. Having so many male teachers within my setting has encouraged children to see that it is acceptable to participate in what children perceive as unimaginative activities and even enjoy them without being teased by their peers.Stetsenko et al (2000) states that male and female brains differ from each other suggesting that boys generally excel in spatial tasks such as sport and girls are generally go bad academically. According to Blum et al, (1989 16) boys brains have more cortical areas dedicated to the spatial mechanical military operation and they use on average only half the brain that females use for verbal emotive functioning which essentially means that females are predominately seen as better talkers and listeners and males are doers.Having worked for nearly ten years in childcare and education and being a parent myself I have also realised that boys and girls do behave in vari ous ways Mothers and Fathers are responsible for the initial gender socialisation of their children. As suggested by Bowlby (1969) in (Johnston and Nahmad- Williams 2009) family is the first and most essential influence on a childs social development. Many of a childs early family experiences shape their initial motivations, values and beliefs.Banduras social learning theory (1963) suggests that boys learn how to behave from observing and imitating manlike behaviours especially from their fathers and girls learn from imitating their mothers. When children imitate homogeneous sex behaviours they are rewarded but imitating the face-to-face sex may result in threat or even punishment (Bandura 1963). This behaviour is mainly dis finded by fathers when they come to pick up their sons and pay back them playing dress up or pushing a pram.This is a barrier that is still on-going within my setting but only with the fathers. Mothers do not seem to have a problem with this type of behavio ur. I explain that the boys are only expressing themselves and generally not acting in a stereotypical way but having fun with the situation whereas when a girl dresses up she tends to pretend to be a mother figure. What the fathers do not tend to see is that although the boy is playing with the pram he is using it in a way that would not usually be displayed by a female.Even before a child is born and when parents know the sex of their child there is a tendency to buy and receive toys and clothes in either pink for a girl or blue for a boy. This is reinforced when the child is born and the hospital attaches either a blue or a pink watchstrap depending on the sex of the child. Research shows differences in the ways that boys and girls are treated by caregivers from the moment of birth. According to Archer and Lloyd (1982) baby boys are handled less lightly by their caregivers being bounced and roughhoused, whereas baby girls are generally talked and sung to.It is suggested by Gerva i et al (1995) and Woods et al (2001) that fathers more than mothers encourage gender-appropriate behaviour, and they place more wring to achieve on sons than on daughters. In the early years parents are more likely to undertake activities such as drawing, reading books and singing with girls than boys (Siraj-Blatchford and Sammons 2004). I feel that only having a son I cannot make a fully informed judgement on this statement however I do feel that within my setting I allow girls to engage in rough and tumble play as much as the boys do.I feel that this is an all-important(a) part of their social development. I also encourage all children to participate in more creative activities such as painting, cooking and making things. through the growing process of a child, the toys that are given to them begin to define whether or not they are going to be typically and strongly masculine or feminine. Girls will generally play with dolls while boys choose cars and trucks (Kanazawa 2008) wh ich suggests that maybe boys and girls toy preferences may have a biological origin.Studies with Vervet monkeys in 2002 showed the same sex typical preference as humans yet there was no influence from humans and they had not seen the toys before. What was even more remarkable was that the monkeys knew how to play with the toys in the same way a child would. Kanazawa (2008) states It is becoming less and less likely that gender socialisation is the reason why boys and girls prefer different toys, and more and more likely that there are some genetic, hormonal, and other biological reasons for the observed sex differences in toy preference.The media also plays a role in gender socialisation and impacts on childrens play from an early age (Burke 2006). Parents of a girl would be more likely to put on programmes such as My Little Pony and Dora the Explorer, whereas parents of a boy might show their child Bob the Builder or Postman spue. When a child is sitting in front of the television , they often see commercials with ladies either cooking or shopping and men working, driving or lifting. I feel that this portrays a universal image of what society thinks is right for males and females to do.Discussions with children have led me to believe that within their family environment it seems to be that mothers are now working longer hours than was the norm and fathers are spending more and more time taking care of their children and also carrying out tasks typically known as female roles by preparing food and going shopping. Through observation in my setting this seems to be the case. Sweden is unique in the value it places on gender equality (Berk 2006).They state that both genders are equal in the workforce, childcare and the home environment and men and women have the same rights including paternity leave and pay. According to several indicators the Swedish family model is very successful (Berk 2006). I feel that the United Kingdom is working towards the same model bu t because of all the old traditions that man has move over the decades in the U. K. I feel that as a society we are less likely to let go and that it is up to the individual to form their own gender identity.Experience with children, wider reading and lectures in college have led me to develop the opinion that there are numerous influences on children regarding their gender identity and that there is a need for staff to be appropriately trained to enable them to meet the needs of both boys and girls. I feel that practitioners can be gender biased and may be likely to make general assumptions regarding gender issues. These assumptions would be stereotypes in themselves even though they are required to treat each child as an individual (Bignold 2006).Having this knowledge has helped me to develop my setting by having exciting resources which engage and motivate both individuals and gender groups. I feel this can have a positive impact on what children choose to take part in and help children step away from what they have been told is right for boys and girls. The convention and layout of my setting is very important. It give rises an environment where children can decide what and who they wish to play with by offering complete freedom of choice as far as toys and activities are concerned.This encourages a non-stereotypical environment in which boys and girls can interact comfortably and self-assuredly. It seems that nurseries, schools and the media are putting one gender against the other when it comes to academic levels. This has only highlighted an equality issue with regards to the differing achievement between genders. I feel that this emphasis needs to move away from comparing achievements according to gender but to focus on which children are underachieving in terms of both attainment and reaching their full potential.I feel that in order for me as a practitioner to achieve gender equality within my setting I need to make myself and my colleagues aware of any preconceptions I or they may hold. It is also vital that I create an environment and ethos where gender is not an issue. Children regardless of their gender are to be viewed and treated as individuals and given equal opportunities and experiences. Where the opportunities to access all areas of the curriculum are the same and gender stereotypes are challenged and deconstructed, it will become possible to move away from comparing gender gaps and focus on individual achievements instead. .

Prevention Of Orthopaedic Implant Infection Health And Social Care Essay

AbstractionThe American Academy of orthopedic Surgeons ( AAOS ) and the American Dental Association ( adenosine deaminase ) , along with 10 other academician associations and societies late ( December 2012 ) make their common clinical pattern road map Pr notwithstandingtion of Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Patients Undergoing Dental Procedures. This evidence-based guidepost, detailed in 325 pages, has three recommendations and substitutes the old AAOS guideline. The new make clinical guideline is a protocol to forestall patients set abouting dental processs from orthopaedic implant infection. The guideline is real on the footing of a collaborative systematic reappraisal to supply practical advice for preparation clinicians, tooth doctors and any qualified doctors who need to see metre of orthopedic implant ( prosthetic device ) infection in their patients. This systematic reappraisal found no expressed grounds of cause-and-effect relationship amongst dental processs an d periprosthetic part infection ( PJI ) .This short communicating wants to show a graphic sum-up of AAOS/ADA clinical pattern guideline as a clinical update and an academic execution to inform and help Persian competent clinicians and tooth doctors in the class of their intervention determinations, to enrich the value and quality of wellness attention based on the latest international footing. Evidence Insufficient to Recommend Prophylactic Antibiotics for Dental Patients with Orthopaedic Implants. was one of the nailing headlines of the dental updates in the winter 2013. 4-7 The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons ( AAOS ) and the American Dental Association ( ADA ) , along with 10 other academic associations and societies late ( December 2012 ) published their common clinical pattern guideline Prevention of Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Patients Undergoing Dental Procedures. This 325-page evidence-based guideline has three recommendations and substitutes the old AAOS g uideline. The new clinical pattern guideline was established utilizing the published AAOS CPG ( Clinical Practice Guideline ) development procedure and besides speak the all criterions recommended for systematic reappraisals and clinical pattern guidelines. The full guideline presents a super systematic reappraisal of available grounds directing on the bar of orthopedic implant ( OI ) infection in patients having dental processs. 1 Jevsar ( Chairman of AAOS classify ) and Abt ( on behalf of ADA group ) published and editorial to this guideline and described how the recommendations have been evidence-based. They believe that antibiotic drug prophylaxis recommendations, in the 2009 AAOS information statement, can merely be regarded as an educational assistance and non as an official guideline. 3 SYNOPSIS OF THE NEW GUIDELINEThe workgroup, ab initio developed three recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis in dental patients with joint replacings. These recommendations mold the basic foundation for systematic reappraisals of the literature sing the dental consonant consonant processs and periprosthetic articulation infection ( PJI ) . The workgroup besides determined elaborate standards for quality assessment of the published informations and accordingly avoiding any prejudice. To avoid prejudice, the AAOS uses specific words for its recommendations and gives rationals for their use. Due to the restrictions in available grounds, the three recommendations presented in the new guideline atomic number 18 classified as limited, inconclusive, and consensus with one recommendation for each class of grounds. Higher class recommendations are relatively rare within published CPGs. The work squad emphasized that they did non feel out this new guideline to be an honest papers. All three recommendations should be integrated into the decision-making procedure to better patient attention. The guideline accentuates on the coaction between the doctors, tooth doctors a nd patients to be after a intervention based on the grounds, clinical findings and patient penchants. 1-3 The undermentioned guideline is a sum-up of the AAOS-ADA recommendations for bar of OI infection in patients having adjectival dental interventions.Recommendation 1. The practician might see stoping the pattern of routinely ordering encumbrance antibiotics for patients with hip and knee prosthetic articulation implants undergoing dental processs. 1 Bing rank as Limited, this recommendation is based on limited grounds and depicts that dental processs are non related to OI infection.Moreover, it indicates that practicians should see altering their customary pattern of ordering contraceptive antibiotics for dental patients. 1,5-7 The phrase limited is unequivocal which means low degrees of grounds is present to back up the recommendation.Practitioners should be watchful to up-coming publications that take in grounds and their determinations should job their single judge ment and the patient s penchants. 1 Stronger groundss support this recommendation compared to other two recommendationsClinical practicians believe in altering their longstanding usage in the prescription of contraceptive antibiotics for dental patients.The groundss indicate that dental processs are non linked to the OI infections.The hazard of OI infections is non reduced by the pre-procedural antibiotic prophylaxis.Strong grounds indicates that pre-procedural antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the incidence of bacteriemia induced by station dental process.No grounds proves that bacteriemia increases the hazard of OI infections 1,3,5 Recommendation 2. The work group was unable to urge for or against the usage of topical impromptu disinfectants in patients with prosthetic articulation implants or other orthopedic implants undergoing dental processs. 1 This recommendation is graded as Inconclusive, sing the strength of the grounds. The guidelines implies that practicians should see a small restraint in their determination that whether to follow an inconclusive recommendation or non. The guideline emphasizes that patient penchant should hold a important influencing control and practicians should carefully wait for future publications that elucidate the bing grounds to find the balance between benefits and possible hazard. 1,2,4 Apparently, this recommendation refers to the application of unwritten topical disinfectants in the bar of OI infections in dental patients. It indicates that there is no direct grounds to corroborate that application of unwritten topical antiseptics ( before alveolar consonant processs ) would cut down bactermia and hence prevent OI infections. 5 The guideline points out the followerss as illustrations of topical antiseptics administered by tooth doctors Chlorhexidine Gluconate unwritten rinse, povidone-iodine oral cavity rinse, H peroxide oral cavity rinse and mouthrinses with sodium-p-toluene ( chloramine-T ) . 1-3,5 Recommendat ion 3. In the absence of dependable grounds associating hapless unwritten wellness to prosthetic joint infection, it is the fantasy of the work group that patients with prosthetic articulation implants or other orthopedic implants maintain appropriate unwritten hygiene. 1 This recommendation was graded as Consensus, bespeaking that adroit sentiment supports the guideline recommendation albeit the fact that no available grounds can meet the inclusion standards. The guideline emphasized on the imperative function of patients penchant in determination devising and besides affirmed the flexibleness of practicians in make up ones minding whether to follow a recommendation rated as Consensus or non. Consensus recommendations are the weakest signifier of recommendation, and can non be used to disregard recommendations developed from higher degrees of grounds. 1-3 This recommendation conveys the care of good unwritten hygiene and seemingly, it is the lone consensus recommendation in t he new guideline. Oral hygiene steps are available and inexpensive, supply possible benefit, are consistent with current clinical pattern and are in harmony with good unwritten wellness. 3 Goals and Implications for Clinical PracticeThe rate of OI infection is recorded from 0.3 % to 8.3 % in the available published literature. Invasion of beings into the surgical lesion during the surgery, haematogenous spread, have of infection in antecedently involved and septic articulations, or extension from an morbific local beginning may bring forth such infection. 1 Established on the best bing grounds, the rational for this clinical pattern guideline is to help the related clinicians and tooth doctors to take a paramount preventing and intervention mode when it is needed. contemporaneous dental pattern necessarily depends on evidence-based criterions and stipulates doctors and tooth doctors to use the best available grounds for intervention planning in their clinical pattern. That s why this guideline consists a systematic reappraisal of literature, conducted between October 2010 and July 2011 by AAOS and ADA methodologists and the doctor/dentist vocational groups and declared wherever the grounds was equal or unequal.They even discussed the spreads in the literature, where future researches are peculiarly needed. 1 Jevsevar, an orthopedic sawbones and president of the AAOS squad, declared that this clinical pattern guideline was non supposed to be an impartial papers and he confirmed that clinicians should utilize it as an informative tool in their intervention planning to better the quality and efficaciousness of their wellness attention. 3 In drumhead, the guideline is deliberated to carry on clinical pattern and besides to supply a beginning of information for all qualified practicians covering with bar of OI infection in dental patients. The AAOS and ADA hope that this guideline would besides help to guarantee patients sing the logics behind their intervent ion planning. 1 Therefore, The new guideline replaces the old AAOS Information Statement and the full guideline with all wining certificates and workgroup declarations is available to entree on the AAOS web site hypertext transfer protocol //www.aaos.org/research/guidelines/PUDP/PUDP_guideline.pdf and the ADA web site hypertext transfer protocol //www.ada.org/sections/professionalResources/pdfs/PUDP_guideline.pdf